For argali, pastoral activities decreased food availability, increased mortality from dog predation, and potentially increased disease risk. The density of argali (Ovis ammon), the world's largest wild sheep, at Ikh Nart was among the highest in Mongolia, yet livestock were >90% of ungulate biomass and dogs >90% of large-carnivore biomass.
To elucidate relationships underpinning human–wildlife conflict, we synthesized 15 years of ecological and ethnographic data from Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in Mongolia's Gobi steppe. Conflict is inextricably linked to the ecological processes shaping relationships between pastoralists and native herbivores and carnivores.
In arid regions of the developing world, pastoralists and livestock commonly inhabit protected areas, resulting in human–wildlife conflict.
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